THURSDAY, Nov. 13, 2025

1789-In a letter to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, Benjamin Franklin writes "in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes"

1921-U.S., France, Japan and British Empire sign a Pacific Treaty

1933-First modern sit-down strike by Hormel meatpackers in Austin, Minnesota

1956-U.S. Supreme Court rules racial segregation on buses in Alabama unconstitutional

1980-U.S. spacecraft Voyager 1 sends back first close-up pictures of Saturn during its fly-by

1982-Vietnam Veterans Memorial opens in Washington, D.C., featuring the names of over 58,000 U.S. soldiers killed or missing in the Vietnam War

1985-Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupts in Colombia, killing 25,000 in the town of Armero

1997-U.N. pulls out arms inspection teams from Iraq

2018-Trial of Mexican drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán begins in New York, he is charged with drug trafficking, money laundering, and murder