TUESDAY, Sept.30, 2025

1520-Suleiman the Magnificent succeeds his father, Selim I, as Ottoman Sultan and rules until 1566

1846-Anesthetic ether is used for the first time by American dentist Dr. William Morton, who extracts a tooth

1862-Minister-President of Prussia Otto von Bismarck delivers his famous "Blood and Iron" speech on the unification of German territories

1938-Treaty of Munich signed by Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Édouard Daladier and Neville Chamberlain, forces Czechoslovakia to give territory to Germany. Chamberlain infamously declares "Peace for our time" upon his return to London.

1946-Twenty-two Nazi leaders, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Hermann Goering, are found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death or prison at the Nuremberg war trials

1955-American actor and cultural icon James Dean is killed in a car crash aged 24

1980-Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox in collaboration with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation

1981-French parliament votes to abolish the death penalty, led by Minister of Justice Robert Badinter