TUESDAY, Sept. 2, 2025

31 B.C. -Battle of Actium: Decisive naval battle that effectively ends the Roman Republic. Octavian's forces defeat those under Mark Antony and Cleopatra off the western coast of Greece.

1192-Sultan Saladin and King Richard the Lionheart of England sign the Treaty of Jaffa ending the Third Crusade in a compromise neither is happy with. Treaty leaves Jerusalem under Islamic control with Christian pilgrimage rights and restores the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

1666-Great Fire of London begins in Pudding Lane, 80 percent of London is destroyed

1792-September Massacres of the French Revolution: In Paris rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.

1864-U.S. Civil War: Union General William T. Sherman captures and occupies Atlanta, Georgia, ending the Atlanta Campaign in the U.S. Civil War

1974-U.S. President Gerald Ford signs Employee Retirement Income Security Act - sets minimum standards for pension plans

1983-Yitzḥak Shamir (Likud party) endorsed by Menachem Begin for Israeli Prime Minister