Seoul's venerable Jangchung Arena
This photo shows the view of Jangchung Arena in Seoul just before its reopening in October 2015. /Courtesy of Seoul metropolitan government
By Richard Pennington
“Physical fitness is the foundation of national strength. We must not forget for even a moment that cultivating a strong and fit people, and making sport an everyday part of people's lives will provide the vitality necessary for the task of modernizing the motherland.”
Those were the words of the late President Park Chung-hee at the opening ceremony of the National Sports Festival on Sept. 12, 1968. He spoke at Dongdaemun Stadium (demolished in 2008 to make way for Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park).
Park was an army man, so it is fitting to note that Dongdaemun Stadium ― named Gyeongseong Stadium in 1925 by the colonizing Japanese ― had been erected on a spot with considerable military significance.
There, in 1882, the Imo Incident or “Soldiers' Riot” transpired. It had previously served as the training site of the Byeolgigun, Korea's first modern military unit. That's not all. Shortly after the Imjin War of the late 1500s, Hadogam, part of the military camp known as Hullyeondogam, began carrying out exercises and the standard corporal punishment.
While Dongdaemun Stadium was the focus of the 1968 National Sports Festival, some events were held less than two kilometers south at Jangchung Gymnasium. It, too, had a martial history, although of much shorter provenance. In 1955, the government of Syngman Rhee set aside some land at the northeast corner of Namsan Park for training of soldiers and other security personnel.
But by 1961 (the year Park led a military coup and commenced his 18-year reign), it had been given over to civilian purposes as architect Kim Jong-su was hired to design a multi-purpose, circular steel-frame facility. Built by a Philippine engineering firm because Korea did not yet have such expertise, Jangchung Gymnasium opened in February 1963 and has served the city well for nearly 60 years.
Boxing, martial arts, ssireum, basketball, volleyball and other sports have been played there with regularity. It was the site of the judo and taekwondo events for the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics. Interspersed with athletica were artistic presentations ― plays, beauty pageants, concerts and so forth.
Sports historians know that on June 25, 1966, Kim Ki-su outpointed Nino Benvenuti of Italy in a 15-round split decision to win the world junior middleweight boxing championship at Jangchung Gymnasium. That sent 6,500 fans, Park among them, into ecstasy; Benvenuti thought he got robbed in favor of the local boy.
Has there ever been a stranger event at Jangchung Gymnasium than what occurred on Oct. 21, 1970? Reverend Moon Sun-myung of the Unification Church presided over a mass wedding or as he preferred to call it, a “blessing ceremony.” No fewer than 777 couples from Korea and nine other countries tied the knot with 8,000 family members and friends looking on.
Oh, but there was more. It witnessed some major political events. Park had called Cheong Wa Dae home for 11 years when, in 1972, his Democratic Republican Party amended the constitution and put on an “indirect” election at Jangchung Gymnasium.
An electoral college of sorts called the National Council for Unification met behind locked doors. Park had hand-picked all the 2,359 delegates and got 99.91 percent of the vote. Such numbers would have made his rival, Kim Il-sung, envious. The incumbent won again in 1978 using similar bogus methods. On both occasions, the atmosphere all around the gym roiled with anger.
Fifteen months later, Park was assassinated. But the country still had a long way to go before anything like democracy could take root. In the turbulence of 1987, some of the biggest rallies, protests and confrontations between citizens and the state occurred outside of Jangchung Gymnasium.
Given additional seating twice, its capacity peaked at 10,000. The arena got plenty of use in the 1980s, 1990s and into the first decade of this century. Built solidly, its age was nonetheless showing, and local politicians talked about razing the place.
If Dongdaemun Stadium could fall to the wrecking ball, Jangchung Gymnasium could too. Wisdom prevailed, and it was allowed to stand. A 2 ½-year, top-to-bottom renovation cost 32 billion won. With seating reduced to 4,507, the renamed Jangchung Arena was opened to the public on Jan. 15, 2015. These days, two pro volleyball clubs (Seoul Woori Card Wibee and GS Caltex Seoul KIXX) play there.
I was curious enough to ride the subway north to Dongguk University Station, climb the stairs of exit 5 and study it from every conceivable angle. I pondered all that had gone on there ― the games, the artistry, the political chicanery and the battles on adjoining streets.
I walked up a steep hill to the Shilla Hotel, then moved across to Jangchung Park, stood on 250-year-old Supgyo Bridge and looked at statues erected in honor of a couple of early 20th century Korean liberation activists (Lee Han-eung and Kim Chang-suk) before returning to Gangnam.
Richard Pennington (raput76@gmail.com), a native of Texas in the U.S., works as an editor at a law firm in southern Seoul. He has written 22 nonfiction books, including “Travels of an American-Korean, 2008-2013.” He is the director of an NGO, the Committee to Bring Jikji Back to Korea.