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Fri, March 24, 2023 | 07:57
Culture
CULTURELooking for rabbits at Korean Buddhist temples
한국 사찰에서 토끼 찾기
Posted : 2023-01-18 14:25
Updated : 2023-01-18 14:25
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A temple painting of a rabbit at Haedong Seongchwi Temple in Busan / Courtesy of Dale Quarrington부산 기장 해동성취사의 토끼 그림
A temple painting of a rabbit at Haedong Seongchwi Temple in Busan / Courtesy of Dale Quarrington
부산 기장 해동성취사의 토끼 그림

By Dale Quarrington


With yet another year behind us, we have another to look forward to filled with hopes, dreams and aspirations. We've said goodbye to the Year of the Tiger in 2022, to welcome in the Year of the Rabbit in 2023. And while the rabbit certainly doesn't seem as ferocious as the tiger or as sublime as the dragon, it is a clever creature characterized by compassion and sincerity.
또 한 해를 뒤로 하고 우리는 희망과 꿈, 포부로 가득 찬 새로운 한 해를 고대하고 있다. 2022년 호랑이의 해와 작별을 고하고 2023년 토끼의 해를 맞이하게 되었다. 토끼는 호랑이만큼 사납거나 용처럼 숭고해 보이지는 않지만 연민과 성실함을 특징으로 하는 영리한 동물이다.


There are a variety of ways in which rabbits make their appearance at Korean Buddhist temples. One of these ways is through dancheong, which is a painting style that covers wooden surfaces with a variety of colors and motifs. These paint schemes can be simple or highly elaborate. The highly elaborate kind is known as geum-dancheong.
토끼는 한국 사찰에 다양한 방식으로 등장한다. 이 중 하나는 ‘단청'으로 나무 표면을 여러 가지 색상과 무늬로 덮는 화풍이다. 이러한 화법은 단순할 수도 있고 매우 정교할 수도 있다. 그중에 매우 정교한 종류는 ‘금단청'이라고 알려져 있다.


And there is a subset of decorative murals called byeoljihwa, or "separate paintings" in English, that fall under this kind of geum-dancheong style. The byeoljihwa style includes flowers, birds, insects, fish and animals. In this style, when a rabbit adorns the surface of a temple shrine hall, it's meant to symbolize a creature free from evil influences. And the rabbit's long ears are a sign of longevity.
금단청에 속하는 장식 벽화의 한 종류에 영어로 "단독 그림"이라고 불리는 ‘별지화'가 있다. 별지화 양식은 꽃, 새, 곤충, 물고기, 짐승을 포함한다. 이 양식에서 신전의 표면을 장식하는 토끼는 악한 기운에서 자유로운 생명체를 상징한다. 또한 토끼의 긴 귀는 장수의 표시다.


Another way in which rabbits can be represented in temple artwork, which also falls under the byeoljihwa style of painting, is in Smoking Tiger paintings. In this style of painting, you'll find a male tiger smoking a long pipe with help from a rabbit. It's common to start Korean folktales with the phrase "Back when tigers smoked," which works similar to "Once upon a time." The tiger is meant to represent the aristocracy, while the rabbit is meant to represent commoners.
토끼가 사찰 예술에 나타나는 별지화에 속하는 또 다른 양식은 담배를 피우는 호랑이 그림이다. 해당 양식에서는 토끼의 도움을 받아 긴 파이프로 담배를 피우는 수컷 호랑이를 볼 수 있다. 한국 설화는 일반적으로 "호랑이가 담배 피우던 시절에"로 시작하는데 이는 "옛날 옛적에"와 유사한 작용을 한다. 호랑이는 귀족 계층을 상징하는 한편 토끼는 서민을 상징한다.


What's important about this idea is that it reflects an idea of when both the aristocrats and commoners could smoke without thinking about their wealth or status, before it was outlawed by the aristocrats during the 1392-1910 Joseon Kingdom. So that's why, when people say "Back when tigers smoked," they are referring to a long, long time ago, when things were a little more egalitarian.
해당 발상에서 중요한 점은 1392~1910년 조선왕조 시절 양반들이 담배를 금지하기 이전 양반과 평민이 부나 지위를 막론하고 모두 담배를 피울 수 있었던 사실을 반영하고 있다는 것이다. 따라서 사람들이 "호랑이가 담배 피우던 시절"이라고 하면 사회가 더 평등했던 아주 오래 전을 가리킨다.


Yet another way that you can find rabbits at Korean Buddhist temples is in a group of 12. This group, whether they're statues or paintings, represents the zodiac animals. The zodiac has a long history in many cultures. In China, where it is believed to have originated, it predates Buddhism. The zodiac took the form of local animals that were familiar to the Chinese people.
한국 사찰에서 토끼를 찾는 또 다른 방법은 12간지다. 조각상이든 그림이든 12간지는 황도12궁의 동물들을 나타낸다. 12간지는 여러 문화권에서 오랜 역사를 가지고 있다. 12간지가 유래된 것으로 여겨지는 중국에서는 불교보다 먼저 나타났다. 12간지는 중국 사람들에게 친숙한 현지 동물들에서 유래되었다.


It played an integral part in their daily life, and as it moved eastward, it became integral for all those that came into contact with it, including Koreans. It played a central role in the calendar, harvesting and luck. It's no wonder, and much like the absorption of Korean shamanism, how the zodiac would soon become an integral part of Buddhism, and Korean Buddhism in particular. Buddhism, as it traveled eastward, attempted to curry favor with locals. And the zodiac would be no different.
12간지는 중국 사람들의 일상에서 없어서는 안 될 부분을 차지했고, 동쪽으로 이동하면서 한국인을 포함해 이를 접한 모든 사람들에게 필수적인 존재가 되었다. 12간지는 달력, 수확 및 운수에서 중심적인 역할을 했다. 한국 무속신앙의 통합과 마찬가지로 12간지가 곧 불교, 그 중에서도 특히 한국 불교의 핵심 부분이 되었다는 점은 놀랍지 않다. 불교는 동쪽으로 이동하면서 현지인들의 환심을 사기 위해 노력했다. 12간지 역시 예외는 아니었다.

KEY WORDS
■ look forward to ~을 기대하다
■ aspiration 포부, 염원
■ ferocious 맹렬한
■ sublime 숭고한
■ motif 디자인[무늬]
■ elaborate 정교한, 정성[공]을 들인
■ subset 부분 집합
■ mural 벽화
■ adorn 꾸미다, 장식하다
■ longevity 장수
■ folktale 설화, 전설
■ aristocracy 귀족 (계층)
■ commoner 평민[서민]
■ predate ~보다 앞서 오다
■ integral 필수적인
■ absorption 흡수, 통합
■ curry favor with ~의 환심을 사다

기사 원문 보기


Emailywjeon@ktimes.com Article ListMore articles by this reporter
 
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