1815-Cracow (Poland) declared a free republic
1817-U.S. soldiers attack Florida Indian village, beginning Seminole War
1843-The opera "The Bohemian Girl" is produced (London)
1870-NY Times dubs baseball "The National Game"
1895-Alfred Nobel establishes Nobel Prize
1912-Spanish protectorate in Morocco established
1941-USSR begins a counter offensive causing Germany to retreat
1945-Gen. George C. Marshall named special U.S. envoy to China
1951-First rocket to intercept an airplane, White Sands, NM
1958-USSR abrogates Allied war-time agreements on control of Germany
1970-Pope Paul VI wounded in chest during a visit to Philippines by a dagger-wielding Bolivian painter disguised as a priest
1971-Soviet Mars 2 becomes 1st spacecraft to crash land on Mars
1983-Colombian Avianca Airlines Boeing 747 crashes in Madrid, killing 185
1985-Republic of Ireland gains consultative role in Northern Ireland
1989-Colombian jetliner bombed, killing 107