A sneeze can cause fracture? How to prevent vertebral compression fractures

Jang Hyun-jun, professor of neurology / Courtesy of Gangnam Severance Hospital

Healthy bones have a dense, net-like structure formed by countless interconnected pillars. When these pillars become thin or weakened, leaving the bone porous, it leads to osteoporosis. A vertebral compression fracture occurs when a weakened spinal bone collapses under pressure. These fractures commonly affect people aged 65 and older and can happen while lifting objects — or even simply sneezing.

What are the main causes?

In Korea, 37 percent of people in their 60s and 69 percent of those over 70 suffer from osteoporosis. Age-related osteoporosis is the most common cause of vertebral compression fractures. Women, especially postmenopausal women, need to be even more cautious, as hormonal changes after menopause significantly increase the risk of osteoporosis.

What symptoms should you watch for?

If you notice a decrease in height, a hunched posture or experience sudden, severe back pain — especially when changing positions like sitting or standing — you should suspect a vertebral compression fracture. If you also experience leg numbness or even symptoms of paralysis, it could indicate nerve compression caused by the fracture.

How is it treated?

Treatment options include wearing a brace, using pain-relieving medications, and undergoing physical therapy. If pain persists despite these methods, surgical treatment may be necessary. Vertebroplasty, a procedure that stabilizes the broken bone with bone cement harmless to the body, is a common option. Balloon kyphoplasty, where a balloon is used to restore the collapsed bone height before injecting cement, is also available. These relatively simple procedures help patients return to their daily lives quickly. For elderly patients, regaining mobility quickly is critical, as being bedridden for even a few days can lead to fatal complications.

How can it be prevented?

Women after menopause, men over 65 and individuals at risk for osteoporosis should undergo regular bone density screenings. Regular intake of calcium and vitamin D is essential, and if necessary, osteoporosis medication should be taken based on a doctor's advice. Preventing osteoporosis is crucial because fractures tend to recur once the bones have weakened, significantly increasing the risk of death.

Weight-bearing exercises such as walking, swimming and light strength training help strengthen bones and muscles. Yoga and stretching tailored to your physical ability are also beneficial. Installing anti-slip mats or safety handles at home or in frequently used areas and maintaining good balance are important steps to prevent falls.

This article from the Hankook Ilbo, the sister publication of The Korea Times, is translated by a generative AI system and edited by The Korea Times.