1648-Treaty of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire; Switzerland's independence is recognized
1923-General Otto von Lossow calls Reichswehr to Berlin to form a dictatorship
1924-Christian General Feng Joe Siang occupies Beijing
1945-Charter of United Nations comes into effect
1954-Dwight D. Eisenhower pledges United States' support to South Vietnam
1962-Soviet ships approach but stop short of the US blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis
1995-Total solar eclipse in SW/S Asia (2m09s)
2017-Albert Einstein's "Theory of Happiness," written as a note for a bellboy instead of a tip in Tokyo in 1922, sells for $1.56 million