1431-Joan of Arc is accused of relapsing into heresy by donning male clothing again, providing justification for her execution
1588-King Philip II dispatches the Spanish Armada under the Duke of Medina-Sidonia from Lisbon, Portugal to invade England
1830-U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, a key law leading to the forced removal of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes out of Georgia and surrounding states, setting the stage for the Cherokee Trail of Tears
1936-Alan Turing submits "On Computable Numbers" for publication, in which he set out the theoretical basis for modern computers.
1972-White House "plumbers" first break in at the Democratic National Headquarters and install listening devices at Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C.
1998-Nuclear testing: Pakistan responds to a series of Indian nuclear tests with five of its own, prompting the United States, Japan, and other nations to impose economic sanctions.
1999-In Milan, Italy, after 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece "The Last Supper" is put back on display
2023-Turkey's president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan re-elected after a run-off election, beating Kemal Kilicdaroglu with 52.14% of the vote, for an historic third term [1]