Sosu Seowon

Sosu Seowon (a Korean neo-Confucian academy) is one of the most serene locations in the Sobaek mountain range in Yeongju, North Gyeongsang Province. It is a place that I would like to revisit. Our ancestors were clever and wise in finding such a comfortable and quiet place to train the self while reciting poems and pondering the classics.

Their underlying thoughts were on the fundamental necessity of self-training. Therefore, their basic motto for this purpose was as follows: “Morally train (cultivate) yourself, manage your household (family), govern your country (state) and then pacify the world.”

For them, personal cultivation, family management, state governance and world peace were the four steps to keep balance in life. Among the four steps for a virtuous life, personal training or moral cultivation is something like a cornerstone.

There were about 648 seowons throughout the country during the Joseon period (1392-1910). Of these, 173 were located in the southeastern Gyeongsang region and 40 of them were in Andong. That is why Andong is called the “city of moral spirit” or the cultural capital of Korea.

A seowon was a dedicated institution for studying the spirit of neo-Confucianism. The impressive number of academies in Andong reveals the town's predominant scholarly spirit and desire to establish itself as a city of lifelong learning dedicated to Confucian culture.

Of all the various scholars, Toegye Yi Hwang (1502-1571) best represents neo-Confucianism. He always focused on human relationships and self-training above anything else. According to his philosophy, training the self was the fundamental thing to do before taking other actions, such as running a personal household or governing society.

As a basic way of training the self, scholars read aloud the four great books of Confucianism: “Great Learning,” “Doctrine of the Mean,” “Analects” and “Mencius.” They regarded principle (reason) and material force (vital energy or matter) as the fundamental principles of existence.

Sosu Seowon in Yeongju was the first Confucian academy established by Chu Se-bung, the governor of Punggi County, under the name Baekundong Seowon in 1542. It was renamed to Sosu Seowon in 1550. He built a shrine to honor An Hyang, who introduced neo-Confucianism during the late Goryeo Dynasty.

Due to the persecution of Buddhism in the Joseon period, many Buddhist temples were closed and the buildings repurposed. Sosu Seowon was also originally a Buddhist temple, but it was re-established as an academy to help promote Confucianism.

At that time, the country was in dire need of material things, but those who were aware of the need for moral education on neo-Confucianism emphasized the necessity of building Confucian academies.

As scholars read the classics aloud at the seowon and put their virtues into practice in their daily lives, so too do Catholics read the Bible aloud, pray constantly, do spiritual exercises, practice self-examination and do charity for others.

All these efforts to train the self bring about good results. Emphasized in Galatians 5:22-23, the nine fruits of the Holy Spirit, including love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control, are regarded as crucial virtues that help train the self.

Many phrases in the Bible also mention “humility” as a core virtue of spiritual life in the presence of God.

“Put on … heartfelt compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience, bearing with one another and forgiving one another. … Over all these, put on love … And let the peace of Christ control your hearts. … And be thankful. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly.” (Colossians 3:12-16)

Kim Ae-ran is a member of the Daughters of St. Paul (Figlie di San Paolo), living the Good News and proclaiming it through various means of social communication.