Smile of Silla: How ancient tile became face of APEC 2025

A sumaksae roof-end tile with a human face / Courtesy of Korea Heritage Service

As Gyeongju prepares to host the 2025 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting from Oct. 31 to Nov. 1, the ancient capital of the Silla Kingdom (57 BCE-935 CE) is shining a spotlight on one of its most iconic artifacts: a sumaksae, or roof-end tile, featuring a gentle human face, widely known as the “Smile of Silla.”

Also called the “millennium smile” for capturing the long-lasting spirit of Silla, the tile was chosen for the official emblem for APEC events. It represents Korea’s message of warmth, harmony and enduring spirit as it welcomes leaders from across the Asia-Pacific region.

Smile for a thousand years

The tile was discovered in the early 20th century at the site where Yeongmyo Temple once stood. Measuring just 11.5 centimeters in diameter, the tile may be small, but it holds extraordinary cultural and emotional value.

It was more than just a decorative ornament — the tile also served a practical purpose capping off the ends of traditional Silla-era roofs. Unlike most end tiles from the period, which were mass-produced using molds, this particular piece was sculpted by hand, reflecting an extraordinary level of craftsmanship.

It features a distinct human face with two eyes, a defined nose and a notably calm, almost shy smile. Part of its charm comes from its imperfection. The tile is fractured and missing portions from the upper and lower right edges, adding a sense of mystery. For many Koreans, this incomplete smile evokes a sense of inner peace, wisdom and goodwill that transcends time.

Its serene expression has made it one of Korea’s most beloved historical images, even appearing in textbooks. In recognition of its cultural importance, the tile was officially designated a National Treasure in 2018.

The official logo for the 2025 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, inspired by a Silla-era sumaksae, or roof-end tile, with a human face motif / Courtesy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Symbolizing protection, prosperity

In ancient Silla architecture, such tiles served both a structural and a spiritual purpose. Historically, it is believed the tiles were decorated to ward off evil spirits and bad luck, acting as a guardian for the structure and its inhabitants.

For the APEC summit, this ancient tile is reinterpreted as a symbol of both protection and harmony. The face represents a unified spirit, guarding the region against instability while encouraging cooperation.

Incorporated into the official APEC logo as part of a butterfly motif, the image represents a collective desire for prosperity across the Asia-Pacific region.

The butterfly, which symbolizes transformation and journeys, complements the tile's message of enduring harmony. Together, the two symbols embody the hope that APEC member economies will connect, innovate and prosper as they work toward a sustainable future.

Visitors to Gyeongju, especially those attending APEC events, can see the famed tile firsthand. The original artifact is a prized exhibit at Gyeongju National Museum.