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Thu, February 2, 2023 | 07:24
Companies
Rising jeonse, household debt weighing on ordinary people
Posted : 2010-12-29 17:39
Updated : 2010-12-29 17:39
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Notices are posted on window of a realtor’s office in southern Seoul in this Dec. 12 file photo. / Yonhap

Rent and debt punishing the poor

By Cho Jin-seo

Hallyu actor Bae Yong-joon knows the benefits of the “jeonse” system. Even though he earns tens of millions of dollars with his many films and successful TV ads, until recently the actor did not own a house and instead lived in a leased home in Samseong-dong for which he paid a lump-sum deposit.

“There was no need for me to buy my own house because there is such a wonderful system like jeonse,” he told reporters this month in Tokyo. But now Bae decided that it is time to end his jeonse life.

“The landlord kept asking for more deposit again and again,” he said, explaining why he finally bought a house of his own.

Rising jeonse deposits in the Seoul metropolitan area may not pose a serious financial threat to millionaires like Bae but it is an acute problem for people who are not as well-off.

Jeonse is a unique rental system in Korea. Instead of paying monthly rent, the tenant gives the landlord key money typically between 50 to 100 percent of the market price of the property and reclaims it at the end of the contract. Such a system is beneficial to the landlord, too, if the property market is booming and prices climb because the deposit from the tenant helps in the financing of the purchase.

But the real estate prices in Seoul and its surrounding areas have been falling or stagnant in recent years, so many landlords are turning jeonse into monthly rent or demanding a higher deposit amount. Jeonse prices have risen 3.5 percent in Seoul between June and December, according to Budongsan 114, an online real estate agency.

One problem is that people living in jeonse properties are often low-income households who cannot pay or borrow more. According to the Ministry of Strategy and Finance on Wednesday, 59 percent of all households in Korea have debts and most of them are related to housing. And nearly three out of four said that they are already struggling to pay back the interest and the principle. For many of them, handing over more deposit is not a feasible option.

With house owners asking for more and tenants refusing them, the number of jeonse deals has fallen steeply since the fall. According to the city government’s database, there were 733 jeonse contracts in December so far compared to 2,643 in November. The usual number was around 4,000 until last year.

This drop in the jeonse market may be a temporary lull. When deposit demand rises, tenants tend to stay where they live because they will have to pay more if they move somewhere else. In that case, the Korean law protects the tenants from a deposit raise for two years. They can also renew a contract under the same terms unless the landlord notifies them between six and one month prior to the end of the existing contract.

Eventually, however, the jeonse market may disappear from Korea as real estate prices stop rising and the population stops growing, economists think. The finance ministry is especially worried about the change’s potential implication on the nation’s economy.

When households are forced to pay more for housing, they have to cut spending in other expenditure such as shopping, food and entertainment as a result, which will eventually dampen the economy, the ministry said in Wednesday’s release. On average, a Korean household was 43 million won ($38,000) in debts and 273 million won in assets, connected to real estate properties.



전세값과 대출금에 짓눌리는 서민가계

한류스타 배용준은 전세 계약의 장점을 알고 있었다. 영화와 TV광고로 수천만 달러를 벌어들이는 그이지만, 최근까지도 그는 자기 소유의 집이 아니라 삼성동의 전셋집에 살고 있었다.

“내 집의 필요성을 느끼지 않았다. 전세라는 좋은 제도가 있는데 굳이 집을 살 필요성을 못 느꼈다" 이번 달 초 도쿄에서 기자들에게 그가 한 말이다. 그러나 이제는 배용준도 전세살이를 끝마칠 때가 왔다고 생각하는 것 같다. “집주인이 자꾸만 전세금을 올려달라고 한다”는 것이 그가 이번에 새로 집을 사서 이사하는 이유 중 하나다.

배용준과 같은 부자들에게는 서울지역의 전세값 상승이 그리 큰 재정적인 위협은 아닐 것이다. 하지만 그만큼 잘살지 못하는 일반인들에게는 큰 문제일 수 있다.

전세는 한국의 독특한 제도다. 입주자는 매달 월세를 내는 대신, 집값의 50에서 100퍼센트 사이의 일정 금액을 집주인에게 맡겨놓았다가, 계약이 끝날 때 되찾아간다. 이러한 시스템은 집주인에게도 이익이 된다. 부동산 가격이 꾸준히 오르는 한, 집주인은 이 전세금을 받아서 집을 사는데 보탤 수 있고 나중에 집을 팔아 차익을 볼 수 있기 때문이다.

그러나 최근 몇 년간 서울과 수도권 지역의 부동산 가격이 주춤하거나 떨어지기 시작했고, 그래서 집주인들이 전세를 월세로 돌리거나 전세금을 올리기 시작했다. 인터넷 부동산 업체인 부동산114에 따르면 올 6월과 12월 사이에만도 서울의 전세값이 평균 3.5%나 올랐다.

문제는 전세를 사는 사람들 중에는 더 이상 돈을 쓰거나 빌려올 여력이 없는 저소득층이 많다는 것이다. 월요일 기획재정부의 발표에 따르면 한국 전체 가구중 59%가 어떤 형태로도 빚을 지고 있으며 그 대부분이 부동산 관련 대출이다. 게다가 이들 가구의 70% 이상이 이자와 원금을 갚기가 버겁다고 답했다. 그러니 전세금을 올려준다는 것이 불가능한 경우가 많다.

집주인은 돈을 올려달라 하고 세입자는 거부하고 있는 가운데, 지난 가을 이후 전세계약 건수 자체가 급감했다. 서울시 데이터베이스에 따르면 12월에 733건의 전세계약이 이루어졌고 11월에는 2,643건이 있었다. 예년의 월평균은 4,000건 정도였다.

이러한 전세계약건수의 급감은 일시적인 현상일지도 모른다. 전세금이 올라가는 시장에서는 입주자들이 이사를 꺼리고 현재 사는 집에 오래 붙어있으려 한다. 이사를 하면 돈을 올려줘야 하기 때문이다. 입주자를 보호하기 위해서 만들어진 부동산 관련 법에 따르면 전세입주자는 최소 2년간의 계약을 보장받을 수 있으며, 집주인이 계약만료 6개월에서 1개월 전 사이에 따로 통보하지 않는 이상 자동으로 같은 조건의 계약이 갱신되도록 되어있다.

그러나 장기적으로 볼 때 전세시장이 없어지리라고 생각하는 경제학자들이 많다. 인구성장이 멈추고 부동산가격 역시 상승을 멈출 것이기 때문이다. 기획재정부는 이러한 변화가 국가 경제에 미칠 영향에 대해서도 걱정하고 있다.

시민들의 주택관련 지출이 늘어나면 어쩔 수 없이 쇼핑이나 음식, 문화생활 같은 다른 소비지출을 줄여야만 하고 이것이 결국 경제를 움츠리게 만들 수 있다. 수요일 발표 자료에 따르면 한국의 가구들은 평균 4300만원의 빚과 2억7300만원의 재산을 갖고 있는데, 빚과 재산 양쪽이 모두 대체로 부동산과 관련되어 있다.
Emailcjs@koreatimes.co.kr Article ListMore articles by this reporter
 
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