By Mark Leonard
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This reflected not only a craving to be reunited with friends and family, but also a broader feeling that their countries had been helpless and abandoned in the face of the global pandemic. This sense of rejection is profoundly affecting the individual psyches and worldviews of Europe's citizens.
That is the main finding of a recent European Council on Foreign Relations poll of 11,000 people across nine European countries ― Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden ― that together represent two-thirds of the EU's population.
Paradoxically, the ECFR poll shows that the absence of European Union help for member states during the first phase of the crisis has led to an overwhelming demand for concerted EU action ― both to help countries recover from the crisis and to equip them to survive in the world the pandemic is creating.
The ECFR's survey reveals that Europeans have felt completely let down during the crisis by EU institutions, multilateral organizations, and Europe's closest partners. Some 63 percent of respondents in Italy and 61 percent in France said that the EU did not rise to the challenge posed by the pandemic.
Moreover, the percentage of respondents who felt that the United States had been a key ally for their country in this crisis was vanishingly small, with Italy having the largest share, at just 6 percent.
In three countries ― Denmark, Portugal, and Germany ― a majority of the citizens said that their opinion of the U.S. had worsened during the crisis, a view held by a large minority in Italy, Poland, and Bulgaria.
This worsening of perceptions of the U.S. seems to reflect more than just disapproval of President Donald Trump. Many Europeans are no doubt looking at America's chaotic COVID-19 response and asking themselves how a country that is struggling to help itself can be relied upon to protect the West.
At the same time, over 60 percent of French and Danish respondents, and almost half of those surveyed in Germany, claim to have cooled on China. Indeed, except in Spain and Bulgaria, a plurality of respondents in each country blame China for the outbreak of the coronavirus crisis in Europe.
But Europeans' current anxiety about being left alone is fueling a new desire for joint action. Some 63 percent of all respondents (including a majority in each of the nine countries surveyed) think that the current crisis has shown the need for more cooperation at EU level.
Before the pandemic, European politics often seemed to be defined by opposing camps of nationalists and globalists. But our polling suggests that the COVID-19 crisis has scrambled the distinction between the two.
Many nationalists have come to realize that a nation-state cannot rescue itself by standing alone, while globalists increasingly recognize that there will never be a perfect international order while Trump, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and Chinese President Xi Jinping are in power.
As a result, both groups are increasingly exploring the possibility of building a rules-based Kantian utopia in Europe. Because neither nationalist retrenchment nor global cooperation will help to avert the next crisis, a new space for finding European solutions is opening up.
Indeed, 52 percent of respondents in the ECFR poll want a more unified EU response to global threats and challenges, 46 percent support increased controls over the bloc's external borders, and 41 percent favor pushing firms to produce more medical supplies within the EU, even if this results in higher prices.
And in all nine countries, the proportion of respondents who support more action on climate change as a result of the pandemic exceeds the share who favor less.
Across Europe, people recognize that if a Sino-American trade and technology war jeopardized globalization, then greater European unity ― including in the form of the EU's proposed recovery plan ― offers the best hope of safeguarding their economies and values.
Rather than just preaching the merits of a greener economy, Europe can set a price for carbon and use border adjustment taxes to persuade others to meet its standards or absorb the costs. Likewise, the EU's digital agenda and plans for a digital-services tax may yet force global tech giants to abide by European rules.
National governments and Brussels-based EU institutions realize that the COVID-19 crisis has created an opening for stronger collective European action.
But policymakers must understand that the demands of voters across the continent for greater cooperation do not reflect an appetite for institution-building, but rather a deeper anxiety about losing control in a perilous world.
Europe is now a community of necessity rather than choice. And voters increasingly see the EU as a tool to strengthen, rather than weaken, national sovereignty.
The Franco-German recovery plan presented in May could mark the start of a crucial new chapter of the European story. But building a more powerful and unified Europe will require the bloc's leaders to tailor their arguments in a way that connects with ― rather than repels ― European voters.
Mark Leonard is director of the European Council on Foreign Relations. His article was distributed by Project Syndicate (www.project-syndicate.org).
