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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-11-18
Volcanic eruption in Iceland
 
  ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Æø¹ßÇÒ ¿ì·Á°¡ ³ôÀº È­»êÀÎ Hekla È­»êÀÌ °ð ºÐÈ­ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ Å« °ÆÁ¤°Å¸®°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áß¼¼½Ã´ë ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµåÀεéÀÌ ¡®Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î °¡´Â °ü¹®¡¯À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´ø HeklaÈ­»êÀº 874³âÀÌ·¡ 20¿© Â÷·Ê³ª Æø¹ßÇß°í, Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ÇöÀç È­»êÀÌ Á¶¸¸°£ Æø¹ßÇÒ Å¼¼¸¦ °®Ãß¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Hekla È­»ê¿¡ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» È®ÀÎÇØ º¸ÀÚ. 
 
In early July of 2011, Icelandic volcano experts created a media sensation with the news that southern Iceland¡¯s Mount Hekla might be getting ready to erupt again. The rocky terrain under Hekla, one of the most active of Iceland¡¯s many volcanoes, showed signs of rising magma (underground molten rock) beneath its surface. Infrared observations show changes in heat flow in the ground, and the mountain itself had risen by about a meter. Hekla¡¯s last major eruption was in the year 2000, another reason to suspect that Hekla will soon be active again. Scientists have yet to detect any of the small earth movements that usually attend such an event, so no danger seemed imminent. Still, a project manager at the Iceland Civil Protection Authority said "We will watch the mountain¡¦ very closely."
 
This volcano has been fascinating and frustrating the people of Iceland since 1104, the first eruption of Hekla after humans arrived on the island. It lasted a full year and devastated the village in the valley below. There have been about twenty major eruptions since that time, including another year-long one in 1947, during which bits of ash were blown as far as Russia. The sight of the lava flowing from the 5.5-kilometer crack in the earth next to Hekla, with luminous patches of red fire breaking up a field of grey rock and steam, makes it plain why early Icelanders called it the ¡°Gateway to Hell.¡± They imagined lost souls parading down into its raging inner fire and witches meeting with Satan at its 1491-meter peak.
 
During eruptions, the mountain scatters large amounts of what geologists call tephra¡ªash, cinder, and rock that covers all the nearby land. Geologists examine the layers of tephra to find out what kind of rocks have formed and to figure the length of time between eruptions. This interval, called ¡°repose,¡± has shortened in modern times to around ten years. Still, a volcano is anything but predictable. The loud rumbling sound that precedes an eruption¡ªit has been compared to the roar of a jet engine¡ªdoes not always happen far in advance. Scientist Pall Einarsson from the University of Iceland said that the 2000 event gave warning about an hour and a half before it happened. However, he adds, "[This] was actually an unusually long warning. In 1970 we only got twenty-five minutes¡¯ notice." 
 
¡á In spite of all the attention Hekla is getting, there is a chance that it may not erupt in the near future at all. ¡á There have been only four seriously damaging eruptions in the last 900 years. Moreover, Hekla is not located on a glacier like its nearby sister, Eyjafjallajokull. ¡á When glacial meltwater entered that volcano¡¯s vent, the resulting explosion spewed opaque ash and shut down air traffic in Scandinavia, Europe, and even Australia for several days in April, 2010. ¡á In Hekla¡¯s case, it is unlikely that an eruption of a few days or even weeks will produce so much ash, and, barring high winds, the affected area will not reach much beyond Iceland. 
 
1. According to paragraph 1, scientists are concerned about a possible eruption at Hekla for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
 
(A) the length of time since its last eruption
(B) changes in ground temperature
(C) movements in the earth nearby
(D) an increase in its height
TIPS: ù ¹øÂ° ´Ü¶ô¿¡¼­ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¶¥ÀÇ ¾î¶² ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµµ ¹ß°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î (C)°¡ Á¤´äÀÌ´Ù.


2Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
 
(A) Early eruptions of Hekla caused lava to pour from a crack in the earth, leading to its nickname, the ¡°Gateway to Hell.¡±
(B) Early Icelanders called Hekla the Gateway to Hell because of the lava, fire, and steam it produced.
(C) Icelanders call volcanoes the ¡°Gateway to Hell¡± because they cause fire and a flow of lava from the earth.
(D) The sight of Hekla during a recent eruption is why Icelanders have begun calling it the ¡°Gateway to Hell.¡±
TIPS: ÇÏÀ̶óÀÌÆ® ¹®ÀåÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº 1) Hekla°¡ ¿ë¾Ï, ¶ß°Å¿î Áõ±â, ºÒµîÀ» Èê·¯ º¸³Â±â ¶§¹®¿¡ 2) Ãʱ⠾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¡°Áö¿ÁÀÇ ÀÔ±¸¡± ¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Â (B)°¡ Á¤´äÀÌ´Ù.


3 Look at the squares[¡á] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
 
And it seems that an eruption would not cause much harm, even if it did occur.
 
Where would the sentence best fit?
TIPS: ¹ØÁ٠ģ ¹®ÀåÀÇ¡°even if it did occur¡±°¡ ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ ¹®ÀåÀÌ È­»ê Æø¹ßÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â ´Ü¼­ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑEyjafjallajokull¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î º¸¾Æ, ±× Àü¿¡ µé¾î°¡¾ß ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ 2¹øÂ° ³×¸ð°¡ Á¤´äÀÌ´Ù.


Á¤´ä
1.C
2.B
3. Square 2

Vocabulary
 
-terrain: n. ÁöÇü, Áö¿ª / a particular type of land
-imminent: adj. ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ, ¸ñÀüÀÇ / an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon
-devastate: v. ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Ù / to damage something very badly or completely
-lava: n. ¿ë¾Ï / hot liquid rock that flows from a volcano, or this rock when it has become solid
-luminous: adj. ºûÀ» ¹ßÇÏ´Â / shining in the dark
-rumbling: n. ¿ì¸£·· °Å¸®´Â ¼Ò¸® / a series of long low sounds
-precede: v. ~¿¡ ¾Õ¼­´Ù / to happen or exist before something or someone, or to come before something else in a series
-spew: v. »Õ¾îÁ® ³ª¿À´Ù / to flow out of something quickly in large quantities, or to make something flow out in this way
-opaque: adj. ºÒÅõ¸íÇÑ / opaque glass or liquid is difficult to see through and often thick
-predictable: adj. ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â / if something or someone is predictable, you know what will happen or what they will do

[Àü¹® ¹ø¿ª]
 
¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Æø¹ßÇÒ ¿ì·Á°¡ ³ôÀº È­»êÀÎ Hekla È­»êÀÌ °ð ºÐÈ­ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ Å« °ÆÁ¤°Å¸®°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áß¼¼½Ã´ë ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµåÀεéÀÌ ¡®Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î °¡´Â °ü¹®¡¯À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´ø HeklaÈ­»êÀº 874³âÀÌ·¡ 20¿© Â÷·Ê³ª Æø¹ßÇß°í, Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ÇöÀç È­»êÀÌ Á¶¸¸°£ Æø¹ßÇÒ Å¼¼¸¦ °®Ãß¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Hekla È­»ê¿¡ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» È®ÀÎÇØ º¸ÀÚ.  
 
2011³â 7¿ùÃÊ, ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµåÀÇ È­»ê Àü¹®°¡µéÀº Hekla »êÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ºÐÃâÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ´º½º·Î ¸Åü¿¡ ¼¾¼¼À̼ÇÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµåÀÇ ¸¹Àº È­»êµé °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå Ȱµ¿ÀûÀÎ °Íµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ Hekla »ê ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹ÙÀ§ Áö¿ªÀÌ ±× Ç¥Ãþ ¹Ø ¸¶±×¸¶ÀÇ »ó½Â ¡Èĸ¦ º¸¿´´Ù. Àû¿Ü¼± °üÃøÀº Áö¸éÀÇ ¿­ È帧¿¡¼­ º¯È­¸¦ º¸À̰í, ±× »ê ÀÚü´Â ¾à 1m°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. HeklaÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù Áß¿äÇÑ ºÐÃâÀº 2000³â¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ´Â Hekla°¡ °ð ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã Ȱµ¿ÀûÀÏ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÀǽÉÇÒ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÁöÁø¿¡ º¸Åë ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¶¥ÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¾î¶² ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµµ ÀǽÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇß°í, ±×·¡¼­ ¾î¶² À§Çèµµ ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ °Í °°Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå ¹Î¹æÀ§±¹ÀÇ °èȹ´ã´ç°üÀº ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ±× »êÀ» ¸Å¿ì À¯ÀÇÇÏ¿© °üÂûÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.
 
ÀÌ È­»êÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ±× ¼¶¿¡ µµÂøÇÑ µÚ Hekla°¡ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ºÐÃâÇÑ 1104³â ÀÌ·¡ ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸ÅȤ½Ã۰í ÁÂÀý½ÃÄÑ ¿Ô´Ù. ±× ºÐÃâÀº ¸¸ ÀϳⰣ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú°í ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â °è°îÀÇ ¸¶À»µéÀ» ÃÊÅäÈ­ Çß´Ù. ±× ÀÌÈÄ ½º¹« Â÷·ÊÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ºÐÃâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, 1947³â È­»êÀ縦 ·¯½Ã¾Æ±îÁö ¸Ö¸® ³¯·Áº¸³½ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¸¸ ÀϳⰣÀÇ ºÐÃâÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. Hekla ¿· ¶¥ÀÇ 5.5km Æ´¿¡¼­ Èê·¯³ª¿À´Â ȸ»ö ¹ÙÀ§¿Í Áõ±âÀÇ ¹úÆÇÀ» °¥¶ó³õ´Â ºÓÀº ºûÀÇ ºû³ª´Â Á¶°¢ÀÎ ¿ë¾ÏÀÇ ±¤°æÀº ¿Ö Ãʱ⠾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¡°Áö¿ÁÀÇ ÀÔ±¸¡±¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´ÂÁö¸¦ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ±×µéÀº Á×Àº ¿µÈ¥µéÀÌ ²ú°í ÀÖ´Â ºÒ±æ ¼ÓÀ¸·Î ÇàÁøÇØ µé¾î°¡°í ¸¶³àµéÀÌ ±× »êÀÇ 1491m Á¤»ó¿¡¼­ »çź°ú ¸¸³­´Ù°í »ó»óÇß´Ù.
 
ºÐÃâÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È, ±× »êÀº ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¡°Å×ÇÁ¶ó(È­»êÀç)¡±¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÌ¿ôÇÑ ¶¥ Àüü¸¦ µÚµ¤´Â ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ È­»êÀç, ½¡µ¢ÀÌ, ¹ÙÀ§¸¦ »Ñ·È´Ù. ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹ÙÀ§°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»°í ºÐÃâµé »çÀÌÀÇ ±æÀ̸¦ °è»êÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Å×ÇÁ¶óÀÇ ÃþÀ» Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. ¡°È޽ġ±À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÌ °£°ÝÀº ±Ù´ë¿¡ ¾à 10³âÀ¸·Î ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª È­»êÀº ¿¹ÃøÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù. ¹ß¹ß¿¡ ¾Õ¼±¡ªÁ¦Æ® ¿£ÁøÀÇ Æ÷È¿¼Ò¸®¿¡ ºñ±³µÇ´Â¡ªÄ¿´Ù¶õ ¿ì¸£¸ª ¼Ò¸®°¡ Ç×»ó ¸ÖÂïÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ÀϾÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå ´ëÇÐÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ Pall EinarssonÀº 2000³âÀÇ »ç°ÇÀº ÀϾ±â Àü ÇÑ ½Ã°£ ¹Ý¿¡ °æ°í¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â µ¡ºÙ¿© ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°[À̰ÍÀº] »ç½Ç»ó ÀÌ·ÊÀûÀ¸·Î ±ä ¿¹°í¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 1970³â¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ 25ºÐÀÇ ¿¹º¸¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
 
¡áHekla°¡ ¿Â°® ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁÜ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ºÐÃâÀÌ °¡±î¿î Àå·¡¿¡ ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡á** Áö³­ 900³â µ¿¾È ´ÜÁö ³× ¹øÀÇ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÁØ ºÐÃâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ, Hekla´Â ÀÌ¿ô ÀÚ¸ÅÈ­»êÀÎ Eyjafjallajokull°ú´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô, ºùÇÏ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇØ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¡á ºùÇÏÀÇ ³ìÀº ¹°ÀÌ È­»êÀÇ ±¸¸ÛÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¬À» ¶§, ±× °á°ú·Î µÈ Æø¹ßÀº 2010³â 4¿ù¿¡ ºÒÅõ¸íÇÑ È­»êÀ縦 »Õ¾î³»¼­ ½ºÄ­µð³ªºñ¾Æ, À¯·´ ±×¸®°í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ±îÁöµµ ¸çÄ¥ µ¿¾È ºñÇàÀ» ¸ØÃß°Ô Çß´Ù. ¡á HeklaÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡, ¸çÄ¥ µ¿¾È ¶Ç´Â ¸î ÁÖÀÏ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ºÐÃâÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº È­»êÀ縦 ³»³õÀ» °Í °°Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÆøÇ³ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ÇÇÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â Áö¿ªÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå¸¦ ¸Ö¸® ¹þ¾î³ªÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 

 
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