select * from tbl_content where devision_sn = 305 and devision = 22 TOEFL
Login  l  Register  l  Sitemap  l  Subscription  l  Media Kit 
 
 
 
  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-09-18
The history of wine
 
  ¿ÍÀÎÀº ±â¿øÀüºÎÅÍ ÀηùÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¿ÔÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çö´ë¿¡µµ ½Ä»ýȰ À½·á·Î ¸À°ú ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ µ¸¿ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ÍÀÎÀÇ ±âº» »ó½Ä°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¿À·£ ¿ª»ç¿Í À¯·¡¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´Ù¾çÇØÁö´Â ÃֽŠÅäÇà ½ÃÇè À¯ÇüÀ» ´ëºñÇØº¸ÀÚ.
 
According to an ancient Persian folktale, the legendary King Jamshid became angry with a young servant girl and expelled her from his kingdom. The girl was crushed and decided to commit suicide. She came across a jar that was marked ¡°poison¡± because it contained juice from old grapes that were thought to be spoiled, and drank deeply from it. To the girl¡¯s astonishment, instead of dying, she felt wonderful. She excitedly brought the jar to the king. Jamshid was so pleased with the girl¡¯s discovery, he allowed her back into his kingdom and decreed that all the grapes grown there be devoted to making the delightful new drink. Thus, humankind was introduced to wine. This story may be merely a legend, but archaeological evidence shows that wine was enjoyed in early Persia, as well as in many other parts of the ancient world. Precisely when and where the first wine was made cannot be known with certainty. However, experts believe it was between 8,000 and 6,000 BCE, in the region stretching from the southern Caucasus through the Levant, Turkey, and what is now Iran. And evidence of wine production in China dates back more than four thousand years. 
 
¡á Wine has been a mark of human civilization¡ªintegral to religious ritual, agriculture, trade, cuisine, medicine, and literature¡ªsince the beginning of recorded history. The Bible contains numerous references to its consumption; a description of Noah planting a vineyard and getting intoxicated on its product is history¡¯s oldest written account of drunkenness. ¡áIt was the Greeks that brought sophisticated knowledge of wine to the Romans, who went on to make important advances in its cultivation and classification. ¡á The Roman Empire spread these innovations to the rest of Europe and beyond, establishing vineyards in locales that remain synonymous with wine today: Bordeaux, Burgundy, Mosel, Chianti, and many others. ¡á
 
After the fall of Rome the medieval Catholic Church became the biggest supporter of industrial-scale viniculture, as wine was essential to the celebration of Mass. The production of wine increased and its price fell, until by the fifteenth century it was an everyday beverage for ordinary Europeans. (The spread of Islam, which proscribes alcohol, meant that it was no longer consumed in much of the Middle East and North Africa.) Around the same time, wine came to the Western Hemisphere through trade and conquest. Today, there are wineries on every continent except Antarctica.
 
For millennia, people appreciated the taste and mind-altering effects of wine without understanding its physical properties. Then in 1857, along came Louis Pasteur. That year, the French chemist became the first to demonstrate that tiny microorganisms called yeasts are responsible for the transformation of grapes into wine. His contributions to the understanding of fermentation led to more hygienic and efficient wine production. By founding a science of wine, Pasteur helped pave the way for productive new avenues of inquiry into its effects on health. In recent years, wine lovers have welcomed reports from medical researchers that red wine contains polyphenols, substances that may have a variety of health benefits. This remains an intriguing area of study. A scientist at the University of California School of Medicine famously said, ¡°Wine was born, not invented. And like any old friend, it continues to surprise us in new and unexpected ways.¡±
 
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that in the Persian story,
(A) the invention of wine was accidental
(B) the girl became the new queen of Persia
(C) the Persian king kept all the wine for himself
(D) the wine was thought to have magical powers
 
TIPS: Çϳడ ½º½º·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ²÷±â À§ÇØ º´ÀÇ µ¶±Ø¹°À» ¸¶¼ÌÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸À ÁÁÀº ¿ÍÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿ÍÀÎÀº ¿ì¿¬È÷ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î (A)°¡ Á¤´äÀÌ´Ù.
 
2.Look at the four squares [¡á] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
 
The Greek epics of Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey, refer repeatedly to ¡°the wine-dark sea.¡±
 
Where would the sentence best fit?
 
TIPS: µÎ ¹øÂ° ´Ü¶ô¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºÀΰú ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥, ¡®It was the Greeks~¡¯¹®ÀåºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ À̾߱âÀ̹ǷÎ, ±× ¹®Àå ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ¿¡ µé¾î°¡¾ß È帧»ó ÀÚ¿¬½º·´´Ù.
 
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
 
(A) Pasteur first used yeasts to turn grapes into wine in 1857.
(B) Wine contains microorganisms called yeasts, which Pasteur first discovered that year.
(C) In 1857 Pasteur first proved that microorganisms called yeasts turn grapes into wine.
(D) Pasteur became the first to prove that wine could be improved by microorganisms called yeasts.
 
TIPS: ÇÏÀ̶óÀÌÆ® µÈ ¹®ÀåÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº 1) È¿¼Ò¶ó´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ 2) Æ÷µµ¸¦ ¿ÍÀÎÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. 3) 1857³â¿¡ Pasteur°¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù ¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Â (C)°¡ Á¤´äÀÌ´Ù.
 
Á¤´ä 1.A, 2.Second Square, 3. C
 
 
Vocabulary
 
-expel: v. ÂѾƳ»´Ù, Ãß¹æÇÏ´Ù / to force someone to leave a country
-spoil: v. »óÇÏ´Ù, ¸ÁÄ¡´Ù / to start to decay
-decree: v. ¸íÇÏ´Ù, °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù / to make an official judgment or give an official order
-vineyard: n. Æ÷µµ¹ç / a piece of land where grapevines are grown in order to produce wine
-intoxicate: v. ÃëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù, ÈïºÐ½ÃŰ´Ù / to make happy, excited, and unable to think clearly
-cultivation: n. °æÀÛ, Àç¹è / the preparation and use of land for growing crops
-viniculture: n. Æ÷µµ Àç¹è / the process or business of growing grapes and making wine
-proscribe: v. ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Ù / to officially say that something is not allowed to exist or be done
-fermentation: n. ¹ßÈ¿ / if fruit, beer, wine ferments, or if it is fermented, the sugar in it changes to alcohol
-avenue: n. ±æ, °Å¸® / used in the names of streets in a town or city
 
[Àü¹® ¹ø¿ª] 
Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿¾ ¹ÎÈ­¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Àü¼³ÀûÀÎ ¿Õ Jamshid°¡ ¾î¸° ³ë¿¹ ¼Ò³à¿¡°Ô È­°¡ ³ª¼­, ±× ¼Ò³à¸¦ ¿Õ±¹¿¡¼­ ÂѾƳ´Ù. ±× ¼Ò³à´Â ±¼¿å°¨¿¡ ÀÚ»ìÇϱâ·Î °á½ÉÇß´Ù. ±×³à´Â »óÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´ø ¿À·¡µÈ Æ÷µµ¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â ÁóÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¡°µ¶¡±À̶ó°í ¾²ÀÎ º´À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿©, ÀÜ¶à ¸¶¼Ì´Ù. ¼Ò³à´Â ³î¶ø°Ôµµ Á×±â´ÂÄ¿³ç ±âºÐÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ±×³à´Â ÈïºÐÇÏ¿© ±× º´À» ¿Õ¿¡°Ô·Î °¡Á®°¬´Ù. Jamshid´Â ±× ¼Ò³àÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀÌ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¸¶À½¿¡ µé¾î¼­ ±× ¼Ò³à¸¦ ¿Õ±¹À¸·Î ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Àµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇϰí, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â ¸ðµç Æ÷µµ´Â ±âºÐ ÁÁÀº »õ À½·á¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â µ¥¸¸ ¾²¶ó°í Æ÷°íÇß´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­, Àηù´Â Æ÷µµÁÖ¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ Àü¼³¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, °í°íÇÐÀû Áõ°Å´Â Æ÷µµÁÖ¸¦ ÃÊ±â Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °í´ë ¼¼°èÀÇ ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼­µµ Áñ°åÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼­ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´ÂÁö´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾Ë ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àü¹®°¡µéÀº Á¦Á¶½Ã±â¿Í Àå¼Ò´Â ±â¿øÀü 8,000³â¿¡¼­ 6,000³â »çÀÌÀ̰í, ³²ºÎ ÄÚÄ«¼­½º, ·¹¹Ù³íÁÖº¯, ÅÍŰ, ±×¸®°í ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ À̶õ¿¡ °ÉÄ£ Áö¿ªÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í Áß±¹¿¡¼­ÀÇ Æ÷µµÁÖ »ý»êÀº 4,000³â ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°£´Ù.
 
¡áÆ÷µµÁÖ´Â À¯»çÀÌ·¡¡ªÁ¾±³ÀǽÄ, ³ó»ç, ¹«¿ª, ¿ä¸®, ¾à, ±×¸®°í ¹®Çп¡¼­ ÇÊ¿ä ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ¡ªÀηù¹®¸íÀÇ Áõ°Å°¡ µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¼º°æÀº Æ÷µµÁÖ ¼Òºñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¾ð±ÞÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí Àִµ¥; Noah°¡ Æ÷µµ¹çÀ» °¡²Ù¾î ±× »ý»êǰÀ¸·Î ÃëÇß´Ù´Â ¼­¼úÀº ¸¸Ãë¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ¿À·£ ¼³¸íÀÇ ±â·ÏÀÌ´Ù. ¡á**·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô Æ÷µµÁÖ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼¼·ÃµÈ Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ÁØ °ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀº Æ÷µµÁÖÀÇ Á¦Á¶¿Í ºÐ·ù¿¡ À־ Áß¿äÇÑ ÁøÀüÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. ¡á·Î¸¶Á¦±¹Àº ÀÌ Çõ½ÅµéÀ» Àüü À¯·´°ú ±× °æ°è ³Ê¸Ó±îÁö ÆÛ¶ß·Á, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Æ÷µµÁÖ¿Í °°Àº À̸§À¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªµé; Áï Bordeaux, Burgundy, Mosel, Chianti, µî ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡ Æ÷µµ¹çÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¡á
 
·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¸ê¸Á ÈÄ¿¡´Â, Áß¼¼ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸°¡ »ê¾÷Àû ±Ô¸ðÀÇ Æ÷µµÀç¹èÀÇ Áß¿ä ÈÄ¿øÀڷμ­ ·Î¸¶¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇߴµ¥, Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ ¹Ì»ç ¼ºÁ¦¿¡ ÇʼöÀûÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. Æ÷µµÁÖÀÇ »ý»êÀº 15¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯ Æò¹üÇÑ À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀû À½·á°¡ µÇ±â±îÁö Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© °¡°ÝÀÌ ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù. (¼úÀ» ±ÝÇÏ´Â À̽½¶÷ÀÇ ÀüÆÄ´Â Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Áßµ¿Áö¿ª°ú ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¼ÒºñµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù.) ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡, Æ÷µµÁÖ´Â ¹«¿ª°ú Á¤º¹À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¼­¹Ý±¸[¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´ë·ú]¿¡ µé¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â ³²±Ø´ë·úÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ´ë·ú¿¡ Æ÷µµÁÖ°øÀåµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
 
¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È, »ç¶÷µéÀº Æ÷µµÁÖÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû ƯÁúµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Ã¼ Æ÷µµÁÖÀÇ ¸À°ú ÇâÁ¤½Å¼º È¿°ú¸¦ Áñ°å´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ 1857³â¿¡, Louis Pasteur°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±× ÇØ¿¡, ÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½º È­ÇÐÀÚ´Â È¿¼Ò¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÛÀº ¹Ì»ý¹°µéÀÌ Æ÷µµ¸¦ Æ÷µµÁÖ·Î º¯½ÅÄÉ ÇÏ´Â ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Áõ¸íÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ È­ÇÐÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ßÈ¿ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ±â¿©´Â ´õ¿í À§»ýÀûÀ̰í È¿°úÀûÀÎ Æ÷µµÁÖ »ý»êÀ» À¯µµÇß´Ù. Æ÷µµÁÖ °úÇÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ¼¼¿òÀ¸·Î½á, Pasteur´Â °Ç°­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ÷µµÁÖÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ »ý»êÀû »õ ±æÀ» ´ÙÁö´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù, Æ÷µµÁÖ ¾ÖÈ£°¡µéÀº ºÓÀº Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ °Ç°­»ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» °¡Áø ¹°ÁúµéÀÎ ´Ù°¡ Æä³îµéÀ» ÇÔÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÇÇבּ¸ÀÚµéÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀ» ȯ¿µÇß´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸ºÐ¾ß·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Àǰú´ëÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚ´Â ¡°Æ÷µµÁִ žÁö ¹ß¸íµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿À·£ Ä£±¸Ã³·³, »õ·Ó°í ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®¸¦ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.¡±¶ó´Â À¯¸íÇÑ ¸»À» Çß´Ù.
 

 
  ¢ßÄÄÆÛ½º¹Ìµð¾î toefl@compasspub.com

Top