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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-07-18
The Development of portraiture
 
  TOEFL Analytics ­- ¿ì¸®°¡ ÈçÈ÷ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ÃÊ»óÈ­¹ýÀº °í´ëºÎÅÍ ¸¹Àº º¯È­¿Í ¹ßÀüÀ» °ÅÃĿԴÙ. ´ë»óÀÇ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¹¦»ç¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÑ Ãʱâ ÃÊ»óÈ­ÀÇ ±â¹ý, ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó »ý°Ü³­ ¿Ü¸é»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»¸é±îÁö µå·¯³»·Á´Â ³ë·Â, »çÁø ±â¼úÀÇ µµÀÔÀ¸·Î ´ëÁßÈ­µÈ Çö´ëÀÇ ÃÊ»óÈ­±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧¿¡ µû¶ó º¯È­µÈ ÃÊ»óÈ­¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ.
 
Portraits have long been a means for artists to express their affection for, or admiration of, a subject. Indeed, the best portraits are considered to capture a person¡¯s essence, which requires tremendous talent, amazing devotion, and sincere insight on the part of the artist. Most portraits, however, are not the labors of love. They are commissioned by the subject or someone else on behalf of the subject. These people are generally wealthy or powerful, with a great deal of influence. Similarly, portraits of heads of state are often displayed in government buildings. Dictators are known to strategically place portraits of themselves throughout the regions they rule. This is to assert their dominance and encourage adoration among their subjects. 
 
Portraits generally feature a single human subject but can feature a group or even an animal. They may be full-bodied, half-length, or feature just the head and shoulders of a subject. The portrait can be sculpted, painted, or photographed. Some portraits are highly stylized to emphasize the greatness of the subject, while others are noted for their likeness to the subject.
It is believed that the earliest existing portrait is in a cave in France. This portrait is approximately 27,000 years old. The drawing is quite basic, but the features of a face are discernible. The remains of a human body were also found in the cave and dated to approximately the same time period. This may indicate that the portrait was meant to somehow immortalize the memory of the deceased. This is a common practice among other ancient civilizations, of which we have a great deal of evidence. The Egyptians made sculptures of their most revered citizen sand painted portraits of common people as well, the former being embellished to commemorate a heroic life, while the latter was kept realistic to capture as true a likeness as possible. In Roman times, both influential people and common people were portrayed in a realistic manner. During the fourth century, however, this trend gave way to a preference for more glorified depictions. In the late Middle Ages, it again became popular to commission lifelike portraits in Europe.
 
The Renaissance, which began in the 15thcentury, marked a revitalization of the art world and portraiture became very popular. A renewed interest in antiquity was a feature of the Renaissance, and portraits akin to those typical of classical times reappeared. The profile was featured predominately in these works, so profile portraits became stylish. Perhaps one of the most famous portraits of all time, the Mona Lisa, was painted during this time by Leonardo da Vinci. Throughout the 16thcentury, portraits seemed to celebrate wealth over accomplishment. Artists were challenged with complex poses and the demand for detailed depictions of jewelry and other finery. However, by the 19th century, artists became more experimental and bold with their techniques. Showing the subject in action, for example, became popular and added to the lifelike quality of the work.
 
The invention of the camera provided a new medium for portraits. While the rise of abstract art in the 20thcentury marked a decline in interest in the portrait, this interest has been renewed in recent years, particularly among the middle class. Many homes feature a family portrait, and while these are usually photographed, some are painted because the commissioner has an affinity for painted works. 
 
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the portrait found in the French cave?
(A) The artist was saddened by the death of the subject.
(B) The artist was very talented.
(C) The artist was commissioned by the family of the deceased.
(D) The artist was the best artist of his or her time.
 
Why would the artist feel compelled to ¡°immortalize the memory of the deceased¡±?
 
2. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Egyptians revered both common people and royalty and immortalized both in portraits.
(B) Egyptian ruins provide examples of rnate sculptures and true-to-life portraits of people.
(C) Egyptians made glorified sculptures of important people and realistic paintings of common people.
(D) Egyptians typically glorified important people by making sculptures and painting portraits of them.
 
The passage states that the ¡°former¡± were ¡°embellished¡± while the latter was kept ¡°realistic.¡±
 
3. According to paragraph 4, what caused the decline in popularity of the portrait in the twentieth century?
(A) The invention of the camera
(B) The rise of the middle class
(C) The long waits for completion of portraits
(D) The development of abstract art
 
Paragraph 4 states ¡°while the rise of abstract art in the 20th century marked a decline in interest in the portrait.¡±

Answer 
1. A, 2. C, 3. D
 
Vocabulary
 
affection - n. ¾ÖÁ¤, ¾ÖÂø / an attachment, devotion, or love
essence - n. º»Áú, Áø¼ö / the basic unit or true nature of a thing
commission - v. ÀÇ·Ú(ÁÖ¹®)ÇÏ´Ù / to put under the authority or change of a patron
adoration - n. Èì¸ð, °æ¹è / reverent homage or devoted love
immortalize - v. ºÒ¸êÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù / to make unending in frame or life
glorify - v. ¹ÌÈ­ÇÏ´Ù, Âù¹ÌÇÏ´Ù / to highly praise, admire, or worship
discernible - adj. ÀνÄ(½Äº°)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â / capable of being distinguished
revitalize - v. »õ·Î¿î Ȱ·ÂÀ» ÁÖ´Ù / to renew or give new life to
akin - adj. ~¿Í À¯»çÇÑ / having similar properties; having similar nature or showing affinity
affinity - n. Ä£¹Ð°¨ / a liking for or natural attraction to
 
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