| | TOEFL Analytics - ½É¸®Çп¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½É°ú ÅäÇà ÃâÁ¦À²ÀÌ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¼öÁ÷ »ó½ÂÇϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡ µû¶ó ¼öÇèÀڵ鵵 ½É¸®Çп¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» »ó½ÄÀ» ³Ñ¾î ½Ã´ëº°·Î Áß¿äÇÑ Á¤½Å ºÐ¼®ÇÐÀÚµé°ú À̷п¡ ´ëÇØ ¼÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ½É¸®ÇÐÀÇ ½ÃÃʺÎÅÍ 20¼¼±â ½É¸®ÇбîÁö ÀüüÀû È帧°ú º¯È¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ¿© ÅäÇà ¸®½º´×, ¸®µù¿¡ ÀÚÁÖ ³ª¿À´Â ½É¸®ÇÐ °ü·Ã ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëºñÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Psychology¡¯s earliest roots can be traced to the ancient Greece. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle were concerned with the nature of the human mind. Later, in the 17thcentury, René Descartes distinguished the mind and body as the aspects that interact to create human experience. This understanding paved the way for modern psychology. In 1870,a German physiologist, Wilhelm Wundt, opened the world¡¯s first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig. His initial research is regarded as the beginning of psychology as a scientific field of study.
Psychiatry began when a German physician, Johann Reil, first coined the term in 1808. However, psychiatry as a scientific field did not become popular until Sigmund Freud proposed a new theory of personality that focused on the role of the subconscious. Before that time, psychologists were concerned primarily with the conscious aspects of the mind, including perceptions, thoughts, memories, and fantasies of which a person was aware. Freud¡¯s work focused on the needs of the subconscious aspects of the mind. After working with various patients who were suffering from hysteria, the most famous being Anna O, Freud concluded that subconscious impulses were important in shaping a person¡¯s personality. Therefore, the psychiatrist¡¯s purpose, according to Freud, was to help patients become aware of subconscious patterns. He believed such patterns, especially those of a sexual nature, interfered with healthy functioning. Freud¡¯s methodology came to be known as psychoanalysis. In the early 20thcentury, a school of psychology known as behaviorism arose and took a position that diametrically opposed psychoanalysis. Behaviorists rejected the importance of both the conscious and subconscious mind and focused on observable behaviors. Perhaps the most famous behaviorist was Ivan Pavlov, who conducted research with dogs that led him to identify the process of classical conditioning .His experiment found that by repetitively use of stimuli could create involuntary responses in dogs¡ªalso known as a Pavlovian response. Later, B.F. Skinner introduced the idea of operant conditioning¡ªconditioning someone to react voluntarily to stimuli. In reaction to both psychoanalysis and behaviorism, humanistic psychology emerged in the last half of the 20thcentury. Carl Rogers is credited as the father of humanistic psychology. Rogers saw the development of self-concept as essential for a healthy human being. He described unconditional positive regard by the people in one¡¯s environment as critical for a healthy self-concept. He also developed a new approach to psychotherapy known as person-centered therapy. This approach emphasized the client¡¯s power of self-determination¡ªnurtured by a therapist who took a nondirective approach. Abraham Maslow, a humanist psychologist, expanded on Roger¡¯s work and stressed a developmental process he described as a hierarchy of needs. He claimed all people had to satisfy basic needs for safety and security before they could move on to other needs. By satisfying baser needs such as safety, security, and hunger, humans can obtain what he calls ¡°self-actualization¡±¡ªA state in which a human can utilize his or her full potential Most therapists at the beginning of the 21stcentury do not identify with a single school of psychology. They draw on concepts and practices from a range of theories and schools. This is known as the eclectic approach. For example, the therapist might use behavioral techniques with a client who is afraid of flying. He or she might apply behaviorist approach with a client who has been abused. In another session, he or she might use a person-centered approach with a couple that has marital problems. 1. Why does the writer mention Aristotle in paragraph 1? (A) To contrast the Greeks with modern philosophers (B) To demonstrate that the ancient Greeks were psychologists (C) To indicatehe was engaged in understanding the mind (D) To identify him as one of the first psychologists To correctly answer this question, make sure to clearly distinguish between psychologists and philosophers. 2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Based on clinical work, Freud theorized that personality was influenced by the subconscious. (B) Freud worked with hysterical patients, which influenced his theory of personality. (C) According to Freud, the subconscious is an impulse that shapes the personality. (D) Anna O. was Freud¡¯s most important patient, and her subconscious shaped her personality. Make sure you pick the sentence that expresses ¡®essential information¡¯ to the passage. 3. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about eclectic therapists? (A) No eclectic therapists were in practice 30 years ago. (B) Eclectic therapists have flexibility when selecting which type of intervention to use. (C) Clients of eclectic therapists tend to be in the best mental health. (D) Eclectic therapists must be able to practice all the forms of therapy. What is the greatest advantage to eclectic therapy? How can this be used to help patients? 1. C, 2.A, 3. B [Àü¹® ¹ø¿ª]
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Vocabulary *psychiatry ¡© n. Á¤½ÅÀÇÇÐ / The study and treatment of mental illnesses *subconscious ¡© n. ÀáÀçÀÇ½Ä / The part of your mind that has thoughts and feelings you do not know about *interfere ¡© n. °³ÀÔÇÏ´Ù, Âü°ßÇÏ´Ù / To get involved in a situation where you are not wanted or needed *diametrically ¡© adv. ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ / Completely different *stimuli ¡© n. stimulus ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü, ÀÚ±Ø / Something that makes someone or something move or react *voluntarily ¡© adv. ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î / Do it willingly, without anyone telling you to do *unconditional ¡© adj. ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ / Not limited by or depending on any conditions *nondirective ¡© adv. ºñÁö½ÃÀûÀÎ / Not giving instructions *psychotherapy ¡© n. Á¤½Å(½É¸®)¿ä¹ý / The treatment of mental illness *marital ¡© adv. °áÈ¥ »ýȰÀÇ / Relating to marriage |
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