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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-06-10
Archaeological methods and techniques
 
  TOEFL Analytics - ­ °í°íÇÐ ºÐ¾ß´Â ÅäÇÿ¡¼­ ÀÚÁÖ ´Ù·ïÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ÃâÁ¦µÈ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹Ù·Î ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °í°íÇп¡¼­ ¿¬´ë¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº Å©°Ô »ó´ë ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤°ú Àý´ë ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤À¸·Î ³ª´· ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÃâÅäµÈ À¯¹°°ú À¯ÀûÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤ÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤¹ý°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ÃÖ±Ù ³ªÀÌÅ× ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤¹ýµµ ÃâÁ¦µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í °øºÎÇØ µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.

Archeologists use several dating techniques to help them determine the chronology or timeline of a site. In some parts of the world, they can use historical records for dating purposes. For much of the world, however, historical dating is not possible. In those cases, archeologists rely on a combination of relative and absolute dating techniques to outline a site¡¯s chronology.
 
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Relative dating techniques establish which artifacts are older than other artifacts; they do not tell an artifact¡¯s actual age. Stratigraphic dating, a relative dating technique, is based on the principle that a site is composed of layers and that the younger objects will be found in the layers closest to the surface. To use this method efficiently, archeologists must carefully analyze the relationship between different layers, or strata.
 
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Typological dating, a method commonly used alongside stratigraphy, involves the grouping of objects found across a site. Similar types of pottery found across a site, for instance, can be determined to be older or younger than other types of pottery. When groups of objects are commonly found together at several sites in a region they are referred to as an assemblage. By comparing similar sites across a region, archaeologists can determine common assemblages for a given time period, which can be useful for dating sites and artifacts that could otherwise seem out of place.
 
ÃþÀ§Çаú ÇÔ²² ÈçÈ÷ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÎ À¯ÇüÇÐÀû ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤Àº ±× Àå¼Ò Àüü¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ À¯¹°µéÀÇ ºÐ·ù¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ±× Àå¼Ò Àüü¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ ºñ½ÁÇÑ µµÀÚ±âµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇüÀÇ µµÀÚ±âµéº¸´Ù ´õ ¿À·¡µÇ¾ú´Ù°Å³ª ´õ µÚÀÇ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À¯¹°µéÀÇ ¹«´õ±âµéÀÌ ÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¿©·¯ Àå¼Òµé¿¡¼­ ÇÔ²² °øÅëÀ¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÇ¸é, ±×°ÍµéÀº ±ºÁý(ÏØó¢)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸°´Ù. ÇÑ Áö¿ª ÀüüÀÇ Àå¼ÒµéÀ» ºñ±³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, °í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã°£ ´ë¿¡ °øÅëµÈ ±ºÁýÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ´Þ¸® º¸¸é Àǿܶó°í º¸ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â Àå¼Òµé°ú ǰ¸ñµéÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çϴµ¥ À¯¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
In contrast to relative dating techniques, absolute dating allows archeologists to pinpoint an actual date for an artifact. The problem with absolute dating methods is that they are limited to specific materials and can be very costly. Nevertheless, they can be effectively used to establish the outline of a site¡¯s chronology and determine how long a site may have been occupied. Often, they are used to establish a site¡¯s relationship to a regional chronology as well.
 
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Dendrochronology, or the study of tree rings, is another absolute dating technique that is most effective in environments where wood is preserved, such as arid climates and waterlogged sites. Each year, trees grow a ring of tissue. These rings develop over its entire lifespan and can be counted to determine the tree¡¯s age. Tree ring dating only works well on certain species, but when such trees are present in a region, an entire regional chronology can be built and used at sites found within that region.
 
¿¬·û ¿¬´ëÇÐ ¶Ç´Â ³ª¹«ÀÇ ³ªÀÌÅ× ¿¬±¸´Â ¸ñÀç°¡ ¸Å¿ì °ÇÁ¶ÇÑ ±âÈÄ¿Í Ä§¼öµÈ Àå¼Ò¿Í °°Àº °÷¿¡¼­ º¸Á¸µÈ ȯ°æ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ Àý´ë ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤ ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¹«´Â ¸Å³â Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Å׸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ³ª¹«ÀÇ ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È »ý¼ºµÇ¸ç, ³ª¹«ÀÇ ³ªÀ̸¦ °áÁ¤Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª¹«ÀÇ ³ªÀÌÅ× ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤Àº ¾î¶² Á¾¿¡¸¸ Àß Àû¿ëµÇ°í, ¾î¶² Áö¿ª¿¡ ±×·± ³ª¹«µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é, Àüü Áö¿ªÀÇ ¿¬´ë±â°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ®¼­ ±× Áö¿ª ¾È¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ Àå¼Òµé¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Today, radiocarbon dating is the most widely-used form of absolute dating. It measures the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon, C-14, found in organic remains. All living things store C-14 in their cells.  When an organism dies, it ceases to store C-14, and the isotope begins to decay at a constant rate. By measuring the amount of decay, archeologists can determine the age of organic materials.
 
¿À´Ã³¯, ¹æ»ç¼ºÅº¼Ò ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤Àº Àý´ë ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤ °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº À¯±âüÀÇ À¯ÇØ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ ¹æ»ç¼ºµ¿À§¿ø¼Ò [C-14]ÀÇ ºÎ½ÄÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç »ý¹°Àº ±× ¼¼Æ÷ ¾È¿¡ C-14¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ À¯±âü°¡ Á×À¸¸é, ±×°ÍÀº C-14ÀÇ ÀúÀåÀ» ¸ØÃá´Ù. ±×¸®°í µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò°¡ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼Óµµ·Î ºÎÆÐÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ºÎÆÐÀÇ ¾çÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, °í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº À¯±â¹°ÁúÀÇ ³ªÀ̸¦ ´ÜÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
A more recently developed absolute dating technique, thermoluminescent dating, measures the presence of radioactive material in clay that has been fired above 380 degrees Fahrenheit, such as pottery. This technique can give the date when a piece of pottery was fired. Unlike C-14 dating, it can be used on pottery that does not contain plant matter.
 
´õ¿í ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ °³¹ßµÈ Àý´ë ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤ ±â¼úÀÎ ¿­ ¹ß±¤ ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤Àº µµÀÚ±âó·³ È­¾¾ 380µµ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î °¡¿­µÈ ÁøÈë ¼Ó ¹æ»ç¼º ¹°ÁúÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº µµÀڱⰡ °¡¿­µÈ ½Ã±â¸¦ ¾Ë·ÁÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. C-14 ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤°ú´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô, À̰ÍÀº ½Ä¹°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº µµÀڱ⿡ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Archaeologists use absolute and relative dating techniques together to piece the prehistoric chronologies for sites, regions, and in some cases the world. With these chronologies established, they can then ask broader questions about humanity¡¯s past.
 
°í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº Àå¼Ò¿Í Áö¿ª ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼±»ç½Ã±â ¿¬´ë±â¸¦ Â¥¸ÂÃߴµ¥ Àý´ë ¹× »ó´ë ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤ ±â¼úµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬´ë±â°¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¸é, °í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀηùÀÇ °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Áú¹®µéÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
 
1. According to paragraph 4, a dating technique is relative or absolute depending on whether it can
(A) be verified by science
(B) determine the actual age of an artifact
(C) verify older objects from younger ones
(D) calculate the rate of decay for an object
 
In paragraph 4, the passage states that absolute dating helps ¡°pinpoint an actual date for an artifact.¡±
 
2. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true of dendrochronology?
(A) It works well with all species of trees.
(B) It can be used to determine a tree¡¯s size.
(C) It relies on the annual growth of layers of tissue in trees.
(D) It can also be used with stone.
 
What is implied from the statement, ¡°these rings develop over its entire lifespan and can be counted.¡±
 
3. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about C-14 dating?
(A) It is the most effective form of dating.
(B) It can be used to date plant matter in pottery.
(C) It requires an artifact be burned.
(D) It will not work on human remains.
 
What is implied when the paragraph states that C-14 is ¡°found in organic remains¡±?
 
1. B, 2. C, 3. B
 
* Vocabulary
chronology ­ n. ¿¬´ë¼ø, ¿¬´ëÇ¥ / Sequential order of events in the past
relative ­ adj. °ü·ÃµÈ, »ó´ëÀûÀÎ / In connection; considered in relation to something else
strata ­ n. ÁöÃþ, ´ÜÃþ (º¹¼öÇü) / Layers of a material
pinpoint - v. Á¤È®È÷ ã¾Æ³»´Ù / To locate exactly or precisely
waterlog ­ adj. ¹°¿¡ Àá±â°Ô ÇÏ´Ù / Saturated with water; flooded with water
isotopes ­ n. µ¿À§ ¿ø¼Ò / A chemical element with the same number of protons as its atomic number
decay ­ v. ºÎÆÐÇÏ´Ù, ¼èÅðÇÏ´Ù / To decline in health
arid ­ adj. ¸Å¿ì °ÇÁ¶ÇÑ / Excessively dry
organic ­ adj. À¯±â³óÀÇ / Characteristic of a living organism
assemblages ­ n. ÁýÇÕü, ¸ðÀÓ / A group of persons or things gathered together

 
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