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  Learning Times > TOEIC/TOEFL > TOEFL
 
  Date : 2011-05-27
Sleep
 
  TOEFL Analytics TM ­- ÅäÇà Áö¹®¿¡¼­ ¼ö¸é°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î °¡Àå ºó¹øÈ÷ ÃâÁ¦µÇ´Â ÁÖÁ¦´Â (1)¼ö¸éÀÇ ´Ü°è(REM ¼ö¸é), (2)ºÒ¸éÁõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â Áö¹®Àº ¿©·¯ °¡¼³À» ÅëÇØ ¹àÇôÁø ¼ö¸éÀÇ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°á¼ºÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö¸éÀÇ ´Ü°è, ºÒ¸éÁõ°ú ÇÔ²² ¼ö¸éÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö½Ä±îÁö ½×¾Æ µÎ¾ú´Ù¸é, ¼ö¸é°ú °ü·ÃÇØ¼­ ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖÁ¦µµ ½±°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Sleep is one of the most basic needs of most animals, and neglecting it can elicit grave consequences. One study on sleep-deprivation revealed that participants began to experience vivid hallucinations and distorted perceptions after just three days without sleep. After four days the participants had plunged into paranoia. They believed that the researchers were secretly plotting against them. Despite the indispensability of sleep, exactly why it plays such a key role in maintaining one¡¯s health is still a matter of some debate.
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Sleep is a state of suspended motor and sensory function accompanied by unconsciousness. Humans naturally enter this state on a daily basis. The cycle of sleeping and waking is called the circadian rhythm, and appears to have evolved in concert with Earth¡¯s 24-hour cycle of day and night. The circadian rhythm is evidenced by the fact that people tend to sleep at regular times and for regular intervals along the 24-hour rotation cycle of the earth. However, researchers have proven that it can be altered. One experiment was conducted, in which participants lived in a cave deprived of natural sunlight, clocks, and other clues to the passage of time. Each day, their sleep pattern altered slightly, eventually reaching a point where they spent more time awake each day. This finding was significant because it demonstrated that the 24-hour circadian rhythm is not intrinsic, but it is provoked by cues such as sunlight and time-telling.
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There are a few proposed hypotheses explaining the necessity of sleep, though they are not mutually exclusive. The ontogenetic hypothesis proposes that sleep is a state of biological and psychological development. Evidence for this is seen in declining periods of sleep over a human¡¯s lifetime. For instance, infants begin life sleeping 16 to 20 hours each day. This sleep time gradually declines through childhood, reaching 12 hours at age three, 10 hours at age six, and eight to nine hours through adolescence. Human adults require only about eight hours of sleep. This pattern indicates that humans sleep more during phases of development. Further support for this hypothesis is evidenced by the fact that children who have been deprived of sleep early in life show comparatively smaller brain mass, abnormal sleep patterns, and behavioral problems.
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The restorative theory posits that sleep is a time of healing. This claim is supported by studies revealing that sleep-deprived rats had slower healing times than rats that were allowed to sleep. Additionally, without regular sleep, the rats¡¯ white blood cell count decreased by 20 percent. Other studies have shown that during sleep the human body increases its rate of cell division and protein synthesis¡ªboth vital components of healing and growth.
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Some researchers believe that sleep is a crucial factor in psychological development and health. Besides the obvious damage caused by sleep-deprivation, this theory is given credence by studies linking sleep with memory encoding. In one such study, two groups of students were tasked with the memorization of a series of words. One group was then evaluated after 12 hours of being awake, while the other group was assessed after sleeping for 12 hours. The group which was sleep-deprived did significantly worse than the group which had slept. Although the daily cycle of sleep is involuntary, it is an adaptive enhancement that allows humans to grow, repair themselves, approach each day rejuvenatd, and helps the retention of experiential knowledge.
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1. According to paragraph 2, the circadian rhythm
(A) is thought to be unchangeable
(B) works independently of time markers
(C) suspends motor functions during sleep
(D) is established by patterns of light and darkness
 
What is implied by the circadian rhythm being ¡°in concert with Earth¡¯s 24-hour cycle of day and night?¡±
 
2. According to paragraph 3, theories regarding the necessity of sleep
(A) do not contradict one another
(B) have only recently been developed
(C) require studying a person throughout their childhood
(D) support the idea that sleep has mental causes
 
What does the author mean by saying that proposed hypotheses ¡°are not mutually exclusive?¡±
 
3. According to paragraph 3, what can be inferred from the ontogenetic hypothesis?
(A) Most biological and psychological development occurs during infancy.
(B) Children who sleep over 12 hours per night need more sleep as adults.
(C) Increased amounts of sleep at an elderly age will reverse biological damage.
(D) The amount of sleep children need fluctuates until they reach adulthood.
 
What can be assumed about development and age from the statement ¡°infants begin life sleeping 16 to 20 hours each day?¡±
 
1. D, 2. A, 3. A

 
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