| | TOEFL Analytics TM - Àü ¼¼°è°¡ ±âÈÄ º¯È¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ¸é¼ ¿¤¸®´¢¿Í ¶ó´Ï³Ä Çö»ó¿¡ µû¸¥ ±âÈÄ °ü·Ã Áö¹®ÀÌ Áö±¸ ¿Â³È Çö»ó°ú ¿¬°ü Áö¾î¼ ÃâÁ¦ µÈ´Ù. ¿¤¸®´¢´Â ¡®ÀÛÀº ¿¹¼ö ¶Ç´Â ¾î¸°¾Ö¡¯¶ó´Â ¶æÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Âµ¥, ¿¤¸®´¢°¡ º¸Åë Å©¸®½º¸¶½º ÀüÈÄ·Î ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ºÙ¿©Áø À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. ÇØ¼ö¸éÀÇ ¿Âµµ »ó½ÂÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¿©·¯ ±â»óÀ̺¯À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¿¤¸®´¢ Çö»ó°ú ´õºÒ¾î ´Ù±¹ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â ÀÌ»ó±âÈÄ Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áú Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. Humanity has always had difficulty predicting the weather. However, through the use of modern technology, we have been able to obtain a deeper understanding of certain weather patterns. Two specific forces currently being researched for their influence on weather conditions are a climate pattern known as El Nino, and the jet stream. Together, these two forces profoundly affect global weather patterns. The El Nino effect received its title from Peruvian fishermen. These fishermen noticed that every few years or so, weather conditions were somewhat different. This distinct weather pattern has since been attributed to a change in the trade winds. Usually, the trade winds a consistent wind pattern common to the tropics blow westerly from South America and push warm surface water towards the Philippines. This then allows cool water to well up from the ocean depths off of the west coast of the continent. Rising to the surface with the cooler water are nutrients upon which large populations of fish would find sustenance. However, every few years, the trade winds would collapse. Thereby causing the surface water to shift back east¡ªtrapping the colder water deep below. Although this climatic oscillation remains impossible to predict, it is often observed around Christmas time. Hence, it was given the name El Nino, or ¡®the little boy,¡¯ in reference to the infant Jesus Christ. It is now understood that El Nino patterns begin in the South Pacific tropics. Meteorological chain reactions are instigated when giant masses of low- and high-pressure air suddenly reverse places above the equator for reasons yet unexplained. Seemingly occurring every few years, the first noticeable effect is that the westerly trade winds cease to blow, or sometimes even reverse direction. The result is that the surface water remains up to 7¡ÆC warmer than usual. Accompanying the warmer waters are masses of rain clouds which generate torrential showers over Chile and Peru. Under typical conditions, this rain would be produced over Indonesia and eastern Australia, but during an El Niño, these regions remain unusually dry. El Nino is not limited to a single region due to its influence on the jet stream. Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmosphere, about 7 to 12 kilometers above sea level. Over North America, the jet stream is usually a single river of air soaring west. However, during an El Nino, the jet stream is often cleft in two. One portion diverges south towards the Gulf of Mexico, while the remaining one veers north over Canada. This division pushes away a high pressure system that typically protects California from large storms brewing in the Pacific. Another effect is that it disperses volumes of cooler arctic air which normally descend on the north eastern regions of North America. Splitting over the Pacific Ocean, also causes the jet streams to dramatically increase the amount of rain received in Alaska, while at the same time pushes large storms over California and across the south east into Mexico. The El Nino phenomenon is incredibly unpredictable, as no occurrence follows the same regular pattern. For example, El Nino effects can cause either droughts or rainy winters in California. This is attributed to the fact that an El Nino does not always influence the jet stream in the same way. It is clear that there is much more to be learned about El Nino. 1. According to the paragraph 2, what causes the warm surface water to move back east? (A) Cool water welling from the deep. (B) The trade winds blowing west. (C) Warm water in the Philippines. (D) A collapse of the trade winds. To answer this question, be careful to keep the correct direction and forces together. 2. According to paragraph 3, what can be inferred about the reverse of high- and low-pressure systems above the equator? (A) It is caused by the directional change of the trade winds. (B) Scientists hope to someday determine the cause of it. (C) Scientists are now able to accurately predict its occurrence. (D) The initial effects are occasionally not all that noticeable. What can you infer from the statement saying ¡°for reasons yet unexplained?¡± 3. According to paragraph 4, what can be inferred about California weather? (A) It is typically difficult to accurately predict. (B) Large storms from the Pacific are not so common. (C) It has less annual rain fall than in Alaska. (D) Fluctuations occur only due to an El Nino event. What is the result of the high-pressure system being pushed away from California? 1. D, 2. B, 3. B
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