| | TOEFL Analytics TM - ÅäÇà µ¶ÇØ¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ´Ü°ñ ÃâÁ¦¹®Á¦¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¹Ù·Î ÁøÈ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁò Ãß¼¼´Â ´ÙÀ©ÀÇ ÁøÈ·Ð°ú âÁ¶·ÐÀÇ ³íÀï »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °èÅëºÐ·ùÇÐÀû ÁøÈ·Ð°ú ´Ü¼Ó ÆòÇü¼³°úÀÇ ´ë¸³ µî ÁøÈ·ÐÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ Çй®Àû À̷еéÀÌ µîÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦·Î ³íÀÇµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁøÈ·Ð °ü·Ã Áö¹®À» ´ëºñÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ù ´Ü¶ô¿¡¼ ´ë·«ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Ample evidence exists indicating that Earth¡¯s organisms have developed and ¡®remodeled¡¯ themselves over the span of time. While few scientists deny the occurrence of evolution, a debate exists over what engenders it. There are ongoing debates as to the extent of time it may take for a species to transform. On this question, there are several current hypotheses. Some argue that evolution is a slow, gradual process which occurs over extended bouts of time. Whereas, others attest that evolution takes place in spurts over relatively short periods. Others further argue that the evolution of a species is a slow, gradual process interrupted by occasional, sudden bursts of change. Phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two differing theories regarding the process of evolution. The former, phyletic gradualism is the theory initially put forth by Charles Darwin in the mid 19th century. Darwin¡¯s notion purports that populations of organisms continue to adapt to new environmental and biological pressures through the course of time. That is, within a population, individual organisms bearing slight variations or mutations that are better suited to the environment tend to survive and prosper. The surviving traits are subsequently passed on to the ensuing generations, which eventually branch into a new sub-species. Therefore, those who advocate the phyletic gradualism theory argue that change in a particular population of organism occurs slowly, constantly and consistently over an extended period. As such, it is somewhat difficult to observe. In contrast to phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium argues for relatively sudden bursts of change. That is, lengthy periods of insignificant change may be interrupted by punctuated spurts of rapid transformation. This might be the effect of mutations of numerous individuals within a small, isolated population whose offspring are likely to inherit the same traits. In a sense, this concept parallels the gradualism theory. The difference lies in the cause of the mutation. Genetic aberrations may be brought about by drastic environmental anomalies¡ªvolcanic or radiation related events perhaps¡ªwhich have the potential to physically affect an organism. The result is that a species may transform rapidly over a fewgenerations into an entirely new species before settling into another extended period of minimal change. In Darwin¡¯s original 1859 manifesto, he admitted that much is unknown about the history of life on Earth, and suggests that it could be better understood by studying the fossil record. Since then, the fossil record has been scrutinized much more thoroughly. Yet, in many cases there is no definitive record of a species in transition. To date, it is mostly fossils of completely unique species that exist. Very few fossils of ¡®intermediary¡¯ organisms have been discovered, although this fact does not negate their possible existence. Therefore, punctuated equilibrium was born from the notion that the fossil record does not match the traditional thought of slight successive variations over time. The question then arises as to which theory is more commonly held today. Certainly there is evidence for both. For example, the human species is thought to have evolved gradually over a lengthy period as indicated in the existing fossil record. However, the Tyrannosaurus rex seems to have followed the punctuated equilibrium pattern. This is evident from fossils found in a lake in Montana. These fossils indicate that a small population of Tyrannosaurus rex was isolated by rising water levels which led to rapid change within a smaller gene pool. As a result, many scientists now lean toward the idea that a species can evolve by either one or both of these theories. 1. According to paragraph 3, in following the punctuated equilibrium theory, what may cause mutations to occur? (A) Sudden environmental changes (B) Drastic genetic aberrations (C) Relatively small populations (D) Periods of minimal change To answer this question, pay close attention to the part referring to ¡°drastic environmental anomalies.¡± 2. According to paragraph 4, what does the author infer about the fossil record? (A) There is still very much left undiscovered. (B) Darwin had little faith in what it could show about the history of life on Earth. (C) It indicates that phyletic gradualism is an unproven theory. (D) It has been scrutinized thoroughly to completion. Why does the punctuated equilibrium theory still hold validity even after scrutinizing the fossil record did not turn up any ¡°species in transition?¡± 3. According to paragraph 5, what can be said about the evolution of humans? (A) Evidence of the evolution of humans exists in a lake in Montana. (B) Human evolution is an example of the punctuated equilibrium theory. (C) It is believed humans have evolved over a long, consistent process. (D) They have comparatively similar evolutionary processes to the Tyrannosaurus rex. Paragraph 5 states that ¡°the human species is thought to have evolved gradually.¡± 1. A, 2. A, 3. C Á¦°ø: ¢ßÄÄÆÛ½º¹Ìµð¾î toefl@compasspub.com Áö±¸ÀÇ À¯±âüµéÀÌ ±ä ½Ã°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¹ß´ÞÇÏ°í °³Á¶ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÃæºÐÇÑ Áõ°Å°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. 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