THE one thing everyone knows about North Korea is that we know very little about North Korea, except that it is miserable, totalitarian, nuclear and erratic. It is the hermit kingdom, the dark side of the moon.
But thanks to many thousands of refugees who have reached freedom by way of a long underground railroad through China, we know a lot more now about the grim reality. We understand better how the government sustains its dreadful power, and where that power could be faltering. Among people who follow the country closely, there is fresh discussion of whether this most durable of monster-states could be nearing its end days, and what we should do about it.
In recent weeks the news spotlight has focused on the 29-year-old novice tyrant Kim Jong-un, performing his family¡¯s time-tested repertoire of bellicose bluster. Like a lunatic waving an assault rifle as he dances on a high window ledge, Kim galvanizes our attention.
But the more interesting story is down below.
I¡¯ve just read Blaine Harden¡¯s ¡°Escape from Camp 14,¡± the harrowing story of a young man¡¯s flight from one of the slave labor camps where as many as 200,000 political unreliables ¡ª a category that includes not just those who run afoul of authority but their relatives for three generations ¡ª are sent to be starved, tortured and ultimately worked to death. The political camps are just part of a larger network of detention sites designed to crush any spark of free will. Harden¡¯s story of Shin Dong-hyuk differs from the best previous refugee narratives ¡ª ¡°The Aquariums of Pyongyang¡± by Kang Chol-hwan, Barbara Demick¡¯s ¡°Nothing to Envy¡± ¡ª because Shin was in every sense a product of Camp 14. Born in captivity to a pair of inmates picked by camp commanders for a loveless bit of procreation, Shin grew up with no awareness of anything beyond the electrified fences. He is like the boy-narrator of Emma Donoghue¡¯s novel ¡°Room,¡± whose entire world is the backyard shed where he and his kidnapped mother are held captive. Except that the boy in ¡°Room¡± knows love.
Harden¡¯s book, besides being a gripping story, unsparingly told, carries a freight of intelligence about this black hole of a country. It explains how the regime has endured longer than any of its bestial prototypes: longer than Hitler, longer than Stalin, longer than Mao, longer than Pol Pot. The tools are enforced isolation, debilitating fear, dehumanizing hunger and utter dependence on the state. By the time he was a teenager, Shin had watched a teacher beat a 6-year-old girl to death for hoarding five kernels of corn; worse, he had betrayed his own mother and brother, and had witnessed their public execution without remorse.
Yet Shin, who is not exactly a master escape artist, manages to evade the state¡¯s controls, and along his stumble to freedom he encounters many others who ¡ª not in words, certainly, but in practice ¡ª are defying the system. What strikes you is how the shackles of totalitarianism are being corroded by bribery, barter and black-marketeering, including a thriving cross-border trade with China. It¡¯s still a crushingly oppressive regime, arbitrary and brutal. But more often than you would imagine, need trumps fear.
Harden¡¯s narrative is reinforced by more systematic studies. When David Hawk of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea researched the first edition of his camp expose ¡°The Hidden Gulag¡± in 2003, some 3,000 North Koreans had found asylum in the South, including several score of former political prisoners. When he returned for the second edition, just published, the pool of refugees was 23,000, and included hundreds who had endured detention. The updated report is a vivid chronicle of horrors, illustrated by crisp Google Earth photos that make the slave camps as palpable as suburban real estate on Zillow.
And yet, Hawk told me, ¡°The numbers who want reform and opening, and the numbers of people outside the state system, are growing.¡±
Fifteen years ago, when many Korea scholars were predicting that ¡ª with the end of life support from the former Soviet Union ¡ª the Pyongyang regime could not survive, Marcus Noland of the Peterson Institute for International Economics wrote a contrarian piece in Foreign Affairs explaining ¡°Why North Korea Will Muddle Through.¡± He was right at the time, so he is worth listening to when he says that these days he suspects the regime is as fragile as it has ever been. Many of the most watchful experts agree. The obvious reason for doubt about the regime¡¯s stability is the new leader, who seems even less qualified than his father and grandfather to manage his threadbare police state. His first attempt to prove his manhood by firing off a long-range rocket ended in an emasculating misfire.
More important, Kim Jong-un inherits a system whose legitimacy, such as it ever was, is being rotted away from below. Korea-watchers have an expression to describe what seems to be happening, as a lawless commerce undermines central control. They say ¡°the market is eating the state.¡±
Along with food, clothing and tools, the border trade has brought the North Korean populace information about the world outside. North Korea has almost no Internet, but smuggled radios, TVs, DVDs and cellphones have become more common, circumventing the propaganda monopoly.
¡°North Korea has not discussed the Arab Spring,¡± Noland told me. ¡°But in the marketplaces, people were talking about Egypt.¡±